Fungi I

by Nor Adilah Pauzi

	Comparison between fungi and bacteria	T/F
a	Bacteria cell wall is made up glucans, manans and chitin	F
b	Fungi is a type of prokaryote	F
c	Fungi are sensitive to polyenes, azoles and griseofulvin	T
d	Capsules are present in some fungi such as Klebsiella pnuemoniae	F
e	Sterols are present in the cell membrane of fungi	T

1	Which statement regarding asexual spores are correct ?	T/F
a	Arthrospores are formed by fragmentation of a septate hypha into single, thickened cell	T
b	Candida albicans is an example of conidiospores	F
c	Sporangiospores is a thick walled spores	F
d	Sporangiospores are formed within a sac called sporangium	T
e	Aspergillus flavus is an example of conidiospores	T

1	Regarding sexual spores,	T/F
a	Formed by aerial mycelium	F
b	Result from fusion of 2 nuclei of opposing mating types	T
c	It consists of 3 phases which are plasmogamy, karyogamy and by meiosis	T
d	Plasmogamy occurs when donor and recipient nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nuclei	F
e	By meiosis, haploid nuclei gives rise to diploid nucleus	F

1	Regarding medically important phyla of fungi,	T/F
a	Deuteromycota is known as “holding category”	T
b	Rhizopus is an example of zygomycete	T
c	The life cycle of rhizopus finished when the zygospore forms	F
d	For Ascomycota, spores are produced in a saclike structure called ascus	T
e	Basidiospores are formed externally on a base pedestal called basidium	T

	Determine whether these statements about laboratory diagnosis of fungi are true or false	T/F
a	Preparation of direct examination of clinical specimens include KOH, India Ink and Calcoflour White	T
b	Germ tube test is a rapid “presumptive test” for Aspergillus flavus	F
c	In germ tube test, a light inoculum of cultured yeast is incubated in bovine serum for 24 hours at 27ºC	F
d	Carbohydrate assimilation test is used for definite speciation of Candida and few other fungi	T
e	Rapid urease test is considered positive when the red slope turns yellow	F

Injury of the Lower Limb

by Mohammed Ahmed 

1. Damage to the femoral nerve causes:

a) impaired flexion of the hip,

b) impaired flexion of the knee,

c) impaired extension of the knee,

d) impaired extension of the hip,

e)paralysis of adductor muscles.

2. Damage to the sciatic nerve causes:

a) impaired extension at the knee,

b) impaired flexion at the knee,

c) loss of dorsiflexion, plantar flexion,

d) impaired extension at the hip,

e) paralysis of hamstring muscles.

3. Trendelenburg gait is caused:

a) Damage to the Inferior Gluteal Nerve,

b)Damage to the Superior Gluteal Nerve,

c) Parlysis of gluteus medius and gluteus maximus,

d) Parlysis of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

e) Show trendelenburg sign positive(+).

4. Damage to the common peroneal nerve causes:

a) Foot drop,

b) Loss of sensation on the dorsum of the foot,

c) Loss of sensation on the medial aspect of the leg,

d) Loss of inversion,

e) Paralysis of all muscles in the anterior and lateral compartment of the leg.

5. Injury to Tibial nerve causes:

a) Loss of flexion of toes,

b) Loss of dorsiflexion of the foot,

c) Weakened inversion,

d) Loss of sensation at posterior aspect of the leg and dorsum of foot,

e) Loss of plantarflexion of the foot.

Answers:

1.           T F F T F

2.          F T T T T

3.          F T F T T

4.          T T F F T

5.          T F T F T

Disease-Modifying Drugs for Rheumatoid Arthritis

by Tirupura Teagarajan

1.      Aspirin is used with…

(a)  Myalgia 

(b)  Fever 

(c)   Peptic ulcer 

(d)  Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) 

(e)  Unstable angina 

2.      Methotrexate reduces inflammation by…

(a)  Inhibiting cytokine production 

(b)  Inhibiting pyrimidine biosynthesis 

(c)   Inhibiting purine synthesis 

(d)  Inhibiting phospholipase A₂ 

(e)  Stimulating release of adenosine 

3.      Leflunomide…

(a)  Inhibits action of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase 

(b)  Poorly absorbed orally 

(c)   More than 90% is bound to albumin 

(d)  Active metabolite undergoes biliary recycling, the rest of the metabolites are excreted renally 

(e)  Adverse effects: Headache, diarrhea, nausea, weight loss, flu-like symptoms 

4.      TNF inhibitors are

(a)  Adalimumab 

(b)  Celecoxib 

(c)   Etanercept 

(d)  Infliximab 

(e)  Anakinra 

5.      Mechanism of Action

(a)  Methotrexate inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) 

(b)  Leflunomide increases orotate synthesis 

(c)   Hydroxychloroquine inhibits phospholipase A₂ and platelet aggregation 

(d)  Gold salts suppresses phagocytosis and lysosomal enzyme activity 

(e)  Etanercept inhibits TNF-α by binding three molecules together 

(f)    Anakinra binds to TNF-α and inhibits its actions 

1.  T T F T T

2. T F T F T
3. T F T T T
4. T F T T F
5. T F T T F F

Bone and Joint Infections

by Shukur Shukry

1. Orthopedic infections include:

a)      Osseous

b)      Bursal

c)       Cutaneous

d)      Muscular

e)      Meniscus

2. Osteomyelitis is:

                a) An infection that take place at the margin of the bones.

                b) Takes origin from only at lower limbs of the body.

                c) Caused primarily by bacteria and fungus.

                d) Spread through blood.

                e) One of the joint infections.

3. Septic arthritis probably caused by:

                a) Staphylococcus aureus

                b) Enterobacteriae

                c) Streptococcus pneumonia

                d) Haemophilus influenza

                e) Pasteurella multocida

4. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is:

                a)A bone and joint infections.

                b) Involves Pott’s disease and vertebral slips.

                c) An acute, low-grade inflammatory process.

                d) An infection that showed the symptoms of fever , anorexia, weight loss and night sweating.

                e) Resembles rheumatoid arthritis.

5. Differentiation and similarities between septic arthritis and osteomyelitis is:

                a) Osteomyelitis is pain on movement while septic arthritis is pain on rest.

                b)  Osteomyelitis is acute onset of limp while septic arthritis is subacute onset of limp.

                c) Osteomyelitis may or may not come with fever while septic arthritis comes with fever.

                d) Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis caused soft tissue redness.

                e) Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis caused tenderness.

Answer scheme

MICROBIOLOGY

Bone And Joint infection

1. Orthopedic infections include:

a)      Osseous

b)      Bursal

c)       Cutaneous

d)      Muscular

e)      Meniscus

2. Osteomyelitis is:

                a) An infection that take place at the margin of the bones. (in the bones, not outside)

                b) Takes origin from only at lower limbs of the body. (Can take place anywhere in the body, not

                  just lower limbs only)

                c) Caused primarily by bacteria and fungus.

                d) Spread through blood.

                e) One of the joint infections. ( A bone infection, not joint)

3. Septic arthritis probably caused by:

                a) Staphylococcus aureus

                b) Enterobacteriae

                c) Streptococcus pneumonia

                d) Haemophilus influenza

                e) Pasteurella multocida

4. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is:

                a)A bone and joint infections.

                b) Involves Pott’s disease and vertebral slips. (caused turbecular skeletal infection, not vertebral

                  slips)

                c) An acute, low-grade inflammatory process.

                d) An infection that showed the symptoms of fever , anorexia, weight loss and night sweating.

                e) Resembles rheumatoid arthritis.

5. Differentiation and similarities between septic arthritis and osteomyelitis is:

a) Osteomyelitis is pain on movement while septic arthritis is pain on rest. (Septic arthritis is pain on rest and on movement )

                b)  Osteomyelitis is acute onset of limp while septic arthritis is subacute onset of limp.

                   (Osteomyelitis is subacute onset of limp while septic arthritis is acute onset of limp )

                c) Osteomyelitis may or may not come with fever while septic arthritis always come with fever.

                d) Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis caused soft tissue redness.

                e) Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis caused tenderness.  (Only osteomyelitis caused tenderness,

                not septic arthritis)